What Nuclear Bombs Taught Us About Whales

A monitoring system developed to listen for secret nuclear tests mostly hears other events happening all around Earth.

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If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Infrasound: sound waves too low in frequency for humans to hear. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 0.02 to 4Hz
Hydroacoustic: having to do with underwater sounds. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 1-100 Hz
Seismic: oscillation waves in the earth, often caused by earthquakes or other tectonic activity. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 0.02-16 Hz
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
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Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
Animals can detect infrasound: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/12/surviving_the_tsunami.html

A Time-Lapse Map of Every Nuclear Explosion Since 1945: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLCF7vPanrY

Sound travels 1000s of miles in the ocean’s SOFAR channel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOFAR_channel

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Sounds in the video that were recorded by CTBTO stations:

0:32 Kasatoshi volcano eruption in August 2008, detected 2100km away at infrasound station on mainland Alaska. Sped up 500x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasatochi_Island

0:35 Explosion of Antares rocket in October 2014, detected 1100km away at Bermuda infrasound station. Sped up 150x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-3 and video: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antares_Fails_to_Reach_Orbit_with_Cygnus_CRS-3_after_Rocket_Explodes.webm

0:37 Ship engine detected June 1 2017 by hydroacoustic station. Sped up 16x

0:40 Waves hitting an iceberg and causing it to vibrate like a cymbal in July 2010. Detected by hydroacoustic station off of Western Australia. Sped up 16x

1:01 Whale call Feb 18 2017, detected by hydroacoustic station. Sped up 16x

1:08 Chelyabinsk meteor airburst February 15 2013, detected by infrasound station 650km away in Kazakhstan. Sped up 135x

1:39 Earthquake Jan 2 2017, detected by infrasound station. Sped up 16x

2:00 Sound with unknown cause, detected by hydroacoustic station. March 25 2017. Sped up 16x

References

Brown, P. G., et al. 2013. A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors. Nature, 503(7475), 238-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12741

Gavrilov, A. May 2017, Personal communication

Graham, G. May 2017, Personal communication

Harabalus, G. May 2017, personal communication

LeBras, R. May 2017, personal communication

Mialle P., May 2017, personal communication

Miksis-Old, J. May 2017, personal communication

Nielsen, P., May 2017, personal communication

Le Pichon, A., et al. 2013. The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(14), 3732-3737. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50619/full

These Rocks Are Older Than the Sun

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While normally we bring you stories of rocks and minerals that form on our planet, we decided to get a bit celestial with it, because this month’s Rocks Box is all about meteorites! Here are four of our faves, and what they tell us about the rest of the universe.

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Where Does Yogurt Come From?

When we think of Yogurt, we think of a tangy and sweet treat that’s good at any time! But there’s a tiny little ingredient in there that helps to make it what it is!

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SOURCES:

https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/yogurt
https://www.britannica.com/technology/pasteurization
https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-food-0428-fermented-foodsl-20100428-story.html
http://www.msi.harvard.edu/events/science_of_bread.pdf
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/yeast-fermentation-and-the-making-of-beer-14372813
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/15/391927036/hey-yogurt-maker-whered-you-get-those-microbes
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/09/19/649689591/yogurt-may-not-be-so-healthy-if-its-pumped-full-of-sugar
https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/how-to-make-yogurt.htm
https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/yogurt2.htm
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-yogurt-bacteria/
http://time.com/3380563/sugar-tooth-decay/
https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/benefits-yogurt#1

4 Things We Can Learn From Explosions

Scientists just built a huge explosions lab in Texas. Studying explosions can help us explore the future of high-speed travel, the deaths of stars, and cures for diseases – yes, really! Here are 4 good reasons to study explosions.

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The Weird Sex Lives of Bluegills

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When it comes to the mating game, fish have some of the strangest ways of thwarting the competition.

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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Alternative mating strategy: a strategy used by male or female animals, often with distinct phenotypes, that differs from the prevailing mating strategy.
– Dependent selection: an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition of a given population.

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REFERENCES
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Dominey, Wallace J. “Female Mimicry in Male Bluegill Sunfish—a Genetic Polymorphism?” Nature, vol. 284, no. 5756, Apr. 1980, pp. 546–548, https://doi.org/10.1038/284546a0

“Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies: Frequency-Dependent Sexual Selection in Male Bluegill Sunfish | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 2022, royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1991.0033

Gross, Mart R. “Alternative Reproductive Strategies and Tactics: Diversity within Sexes.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 11, no. 2, Feb. 1996, pp. 92–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81050-0

Gross, Mart R. “Sneakers, Satellites and Parentals: Polymorphic Mating Strategies in North American Sunfishes.” Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, vol. 60, no. 1, 12 Jan. 1982, pp. 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb01073.x

Jukema, Joop, and Theunis Piersma. “Permanent Female Mimics in a Lekking Shorebird.” Biology Letters, vol. 2, no. 2, 10 Jan. 2006, pp. 161–164, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0416

Neff, B. D. “Genetic Paternity Analysis and Breeding Success in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus).” Journal of Heredity, vol. 92, no. 2, 1 Mar. 2001, pp. 111–119, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/92.2.111

Neff, B. D. “Sperm Investment and Alternative Mating Tactics in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus).” Behavioral Ecology, vol. 14, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2003, pp. 634–641, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arg032

Neff, Bryan D., and Erik I. Svensson. “Polyandry and Alternative Mating Tactics.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 368, no. 1613, 5 Mar. 2013, p. 20120045, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0045

Neff, Bryan. Personal Communication

What’s Ruining Our Ruins?

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From the Maijishan Grottoes to the frescoes of St. Paul in Ephesus to Chaco Canyon to Megiddo to Angkor Wat, our UNESCO World Heritage Sites are being destroyed by one thing: microbes. But we can still preserve our heritage.

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Lunar Eclipses

Did you know there will be a lunar eclipse this week? Jessi and Squeaks explore what causes lunar eclipses and why they can make the moon look red!
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http://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2015-april-4
http://www.space.com/15689-lunar-eclipses.html

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MinuteEarth: The Story of Our Planet

Our first video ever! Agriculture, hula hoops, SARS, and THIS video: how long did they take to get around the earth?

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Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
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What’s Really Living in the Subway

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There’s all sorts of microorganisms on the subway, metro, underground, or whatever you call it. But how many of them are pathogenic?

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Weird Experiment Makes Water Flow Uphill

In this video I show you how to make water flow uphill using the leidenfrost effect and a coarse mill file.

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Opening a Bottle of Liquid Nitrogen Under Water!

Warning: DO NOT TRY—Seeing How Close I Can Get To a Drop of Neutrons

*Any experiment you try is at YOUR OWN RISK. The Action Lab assumes no responsibility for any injury if you attempt anything you see in this video or on The Action Lab channel.