history - Jean Sainvil - In God We Trust - Blessed is the man who comes in the name of God.

Why are humans the only animals to wipe their butt?

Humans are strange animals for many, many reasons. One of them is that we are the only ones to wipe our butt.
But why do we need this?

How Tall Can Mountains Be?

What is the maximum height for a mountain on Earth!? And why?

CREDITS
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Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
Thanks to ScienceAlert for support – http://www.sciencealert.com
Special thanks to Ryan Loomis and TED-Ed for contributions.

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

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REFERENCES
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Scheuer, P. A. G. 1981. How High Can A Mountain Be? J. Astrophys. Astr. 2: 165–169. http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/2/165-169.pdf

Why Is There So Much Land In The North?

Most of Earth’s land is currently in the northern hemisphere because we happen to exist in a time where uneven heating in the mantle has pushed many continental plates northward.

LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Continental drift: An early theory of land movement that posited that the continents floated on the ocean bed.
– Tetrahedral hypothesis: An early theory that attempted to explain the arrangement of Earth’s continents and oceans based on the geometry of a tetrahedron.
– Plate tectonics: The generally accepted theory that the Earth’s surface is made up of a series of tectonic plates that slowly move around on top of the mantle.
– Pangea: The most recent supercontinent to form on Earth, during the late Paleozoic era.
– Great Rift Valley: A series of contiguous geographic trenches between two tectonic plates where humans first evolved.
– Aurica: A potential future supercontinent predicted to form in about 200 million years.

SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
**************************
If you like what we do, you can help us!:
– Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
– Share this video with your friends and family
– Leave us a comment (we read them!)

CREDITS
*********
David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich
Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever Salazar
Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida

Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176

REFERENCES
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Yoshida, M., Hamano, Y. (2015). Pangea breakup and northward drift of the Indian subcontinent reproduced by a numerical model of mantle convection. Scientific Reports 5, 8407. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08407

Morton, M.C. (2017). When and how did plate tectonics begin on Earth? Earth Magazine. Retrieved from: https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/when-and-how-did-plate-tectonics-begin-earth/

Fisher, R. (2022). How the next supercontinent will form. BBC Future. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220401-how-the-next-supercontinent-will-form

Maslin, M. (2013). How Climate Change and Plate Tectonics Shaped Human Evolution. Retrieved from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-climate-change-and-plate-tectonics-shaped-human-evolution/

Green, W.L. (1875). Vestiges of the Molten Globe. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/vestigesmolteng00greegoog

What Happens When A Volcano Meets a Glacier?

Volcanoes might seem like an unstoppable force of nature – but there is at least one OTHER force on Earth that seems to be able to keep them down.

LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Decompression Melting: Mantle melting that involves the upward movement of Earth’s mostly-solid mantle.
– Flux Melting: Melting that occurs when water and other volatile components are introduced to hot solid rock.
– Glaciation: the process, condition, or result of being covered by glaciers or ice sheets.
– Magma: Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth’s crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling.

CREDITS
*********
Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Sarah Berman and Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke
Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes
Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida

Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176

REFERENCES
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Aubry, Thomas J., et al. “Impact of Climate Change on Volcanic Processes: Current Understanding and Future Challenges.” Bulletin of Volcanology, vol. 84, no. 6, 18 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01562-8

Cooper, Claire L., et al. “Evaluating the Relationship between Climate Change and Volcanism.” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 177, 1 Feb. 2018, pp. 238–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.009

Huybers, Peter, and Charles Langmuir. “Feedback between Deglaciation, Volcanism, and Atmospheric CO2.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 286, no. 3-4, Sept. 2009, pp. 479–491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.014

Huybers, Peter, and Charles H. Langmuir. “Delayed CO2 Emissions from Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism as a Possible Cause of Late-Pleistocene Glacial Cycles.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 457, Jan. 2017, pp. 238–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.021

Jull, M., and D. McKenzie. “The Effect of Deglaciation on Mantle Melting beneath Iceland.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 101, no. B10, 10 Oct. 1996, pp. 21815–21828, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb01308

Maclennan, J., et al. “The Link between Volcanism and Deglaciation in Iceland.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol. 3, no. 11, Nov. 2002, pp. 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gc000282

Praetorius, Summer, et al. “Interaction between Climate, Volcanism, and Isostatic Rebound in Southeast Alaska during the Last Deglaciation.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 452, 15 Oct. 2016, pp. 79–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.033

Rawson, Harriet, et al. “The Magmatic and Eruptive Response of Arc Volcanoes to Deglaciation: Insights from Southern Chile.” Geology, vol. 44, no. 4, 24 Feb. 2016, pp. 251–254, https://doi.org/10.1130/g37504.1

Swindles, Graeme T., et al. “Climatic Control on Icelandic Volcanic Activity during the Mid-Holocene.” Geology, vol. 46, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2018, pp. 47–50, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39633.1

Watt, Sebastian F.L., et al. “The Volcanic Response to Deglaciation: Evidence from Glaciated Arcs and a Reassessment of Global Eruption Records.” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 122, July 2013, pp. 77–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.03.007

The Plant That’s Full Of Metal

The amount of metal some special plants are able to take up from the soil would be toxic enough to an average plant to kill it several times over.

LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Hyperaccumulator: a plant capable of growing in metalliferous soils and to accumulate extraordinarily high amounts of heavy metals, far in excess of the levels found in the majority of species, without suffering toxic effects
– Phytoremediation: the treatment of pollutants or waste (as in contaminated soil or groundwater) by the use of green plants that remove, degrade, or stabilize the undesirable substances (such as toxic metals)
– Phytomining: the planting (and subsequent harvesting) of vegetation that will selectively concentrate specific metals from the soil into their tissues
– Euhalophytes: highly salt-tolerant plants capable of diluting salt within their succulent leaves or stems
– Active transport: the process of transferring substances against a concentration gradient into, out of, and between cells, using energy

If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
Read about a farm that is harvesting nickel-hoarding plants profitably: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/metal-plants-farm.html

Thank you to Dr. Hendrik Küpper for his expert consultation on the script! Learn more about his research into “metal-hoarding” plants here: https://plantmetals.eu/

CREDITS
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Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich
Peter Reich • Ever Salazar • Kate Yoshida

Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176

REFERENCES
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Andresen, Elisa, Edgar Peiter, and Hendrik Küpper. “Trace metal metabolism in plants.” Journal of Experimental Botany 69.5 (2018): 909-954. https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/69/5/909/4855954

Bouman, Roderick, et al. “Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi: a new nickel hyperaccumulator from Sabah (Borneo Island) with potential for tropical agromining.” Botanical studies 59.1 (2018): 9. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40529-018-0225-y

Brooks, Robert R., et al. “Phytomining.” Trends in plant science 3.9 (1998): 359-362. https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/comments/S1360-1385(98)01283-7

Chrispeels, Maarten J., Nigel M. Crawford, and Julian I. Schroeder. “Proteins for transport of water and mineral nutrients across the membranes of plant cells.” The Plant Cell 11.4 (1999): 661-675. http://www.plantcell.org/content/11/4/661

Favas, Paulo JC, et al. “Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with metals and metalloids at mining areas: potential of native flora.” Environmental risk assessment of soil contamination 3 (2014): 485-516. https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/46355.pdf

Morgan, J. B. & Connolly, E. L. (2013) Plant-Soil Interactions: Nutrient Uptake. Nature Education Knowledge 4(8):2 https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/plant-soil-interactions-nutrient-uptake-105289112/

Morrissey, Joe, and Mary Lou Guerinot. “Trace elements: too little or too much and how plants cope.” F1000 biology reports 1 (2009). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920677/

Rascio, Nicoletta, and Flavia Navari-Izzo. “Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting?.” Plant science 180.2 (2011): 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.016

Song, Jie, and Baoshan Wang. “Using euhalophytes to understand salt tolerance and to develop saline agriculture: Suaeda salsa as a promising model.” Annals of Botany 115.3 (2015): 541-553. http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC4332605&blobtype=pdf

Yuan, Fang, et al. “Beneficial Effects of Salt on Halophyte Growth: Morphology, Cells, and Genes.” Open Life Sciences 14.1 (2019): 191-200. https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/biol/14/1/article-p191.xml

Should We Let Pandas Go Extinct?

When it comes to saving species, how should we decide who to save first?

LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Keystone species: a species that plays a crucial role in the functioning of an ecosystem
– Flagship species: species used as an icon for an environmental cause
– Threatened species: species assessed by the IUCN as critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable
– Triage: assigning degrees of urgency to a large number of patients to determine the order of treatment

CREDITS
*********
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida
Script Editor: Emily Elert
Narrator: Henry Reich
Illustrator and Animator: Ever Salazar
Music: Nathaniel Schroeder

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

IMAGE CREDITS
*****************
Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia) – Jerry A. Payne – http://bit.ly/1EyduHa

Pygmy hog-sucking Louse (Haematopinus oliveri) – Zoological Survey of India – http://bit.ly/1JdxxvD

Sturgeon – Wikimedia user Cacophony – http://bit.ly/1DOjpFA

Saiga Anthelope – Wikimedia user Seilov – http://bit.ly/1E0O0Pq

Echinocactus grusonii – André Karwath – http://bit.ly/1IucNBw

Cork Oak (Quercus suber) – Wikimedia user Joergsam – http://bit.ly/1ziQOLU

Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) – Patryk Krzyzak – http://bit.ly/1GLUf0g

Paddlefish – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters – http://bit.ly/1GLUdFX

Swietenia macrophylla – Flickr User jayeshpatil912 – http://bit.ly/1HWzhuB

Arakan forest turtle – Public Domain – http://bit.ly/1dzlAqh

Purple Frog – Wikimedia User Karthickbala – http://bit.ly/1JF1Hv8

Cute Panda – Wikimedia User Sheilalau (Public Domain) – http://bit.ly/1c0JURt

Frohawk Dodo – Frederick William Frohawk (Public Domain) – http://bit.ly/1bInEer

Thanks to our Patreon patrons:
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REFERENCES
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IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org/

Joseph, L. N., Maloney R. F., & Possingham, H. P. (2009) Optimal allocation of resources among threatened species: a project prioritization protocol. Conservation Biology 23:328-338. http://www.uq.edu.au/spatialecology/docs/Publications/2009_Joseph_etal_OptimalAllocation.pdf

Small, E. (2011) The new Noah’s Ark: beautiful and useful species only. Part 1. Biodiversity conservation issues and priorities. Biodiversity 12(4): 232 – 247. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14888386.2011.642663#

Smith, R.J., Verissimo, D.; Isaac, N.J.B., & Jones, K.E. (2012) Identifying Cinderella species: uncovering mammals with conservation flagship appeal. Conservation Letters, 5 (3): 205 – 212. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00229.x/abstract

Sitas, N., Baillie, J.E.M., and Isaac, N.J.B. (2009) What are we saving? Developing a standardized approach for conservation action. Animal Conservation, 12(3): 231- 237. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00244.x/full

US Fish and Wildlife Service. (1999) South Florida Multi-Species Recovery Plan. Mangroves: 3-519 – 3-552. http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/msrppdfs/mangroves.pdf

Warren, L. (June 2006) Panda, Inc. National Geographic Magazine. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/07/panda/warren-text

World Wildlife Fund. (2014) Annual Report. http://assets.worldwildlife.org/financial_reports/21/reports/original/2014_Annual_Report.pdf?1418325091&_ga=1.146888247.1239564205.1427657892

How to Survive a Lightning Strike

If you get caught in the middle of a big, open field during a lightning storm, which of the following uniforms would be most likely to keep you safe? A thick wetsuit; a superman costume; a medieval coat of armor; or a birthday suit?

CREDITS
*********
Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, and Ever Salazar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info