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Have you ever wondered what was going on with your bodily functions while you were in the womb? To put it a little more bluntly, did you, you know, pee and poop in there?
CREDITS
*********
Drawings by Ever Salazar
Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, and Rose Eveleth.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
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Rabies is a strange disease, it travels through the nerves and tries to take control of the brain. The changes in behavior make the creature more likely to spread the disease!
Almost two billion years ago, a nine-mile-wide rock from space slammed into what is now Canada. It hit with the force of millions of nuclear bombs and punched a hole over 100 miles across. That catastrophe turned out to be one of the luckiest things that ever happened to Canada. Buried in the scar it left behind is a treasure worth more than almost any patch of ground on the planet.
Animation is created by Bright Side.
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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer’s responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. To learn more about his work on clean energy, visit https://gatesnot.es/2WDTJ1L
It’s hard to replace jet fuel because the alternatives aren’t energetic enough, are too dangerous, or aren’t yet being made at scale.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Jet fuel – a liquid petroleum fuel with high specific energy and energy density, used in airplane jet engines, made of kerosene with a few additives
Specific Energy – how much energy something contains per unit mass
Energy Density – how much energy something contains per unit volume
Synthetic jet fuel – a jet fuel replacement, typically aiming to have lower life cycle environmental impacts than jet fuel (AKA: sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), alternative jet fuel, renewable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel, biojet fuel, sustainable alternative fuel)
Kerosene – a petroleum product that is the main component of jet fuel (and old fashioned lanterns)
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If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
What you get from a barrel of oil – https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/
Real Engineering: Are Electric Planes Possible? – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNvzZfsC13o&feature=youtu.be
_________________________________________
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/
Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer and Narrator: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrators: Ever Salazar and Sarah Berman
Video Director: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Julián Gómez, Arcadi Garcia Rius
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:
ATAG. Nov 2017. Beginner’s Guide to Sustainable Aviation Fuel, Edition 3. https://bit.ly/2AcJLLW Accessed Jan 2020.
ATAG. “Producing sustainable aviation fuel” https://bit.ly/3gncnmh Accessed Jan 2020
Burton, Freya. Personal communication, Feb 2020
Caldeira, K. Personal communication, Feb 2020
Cey, E., et al. 2019. Energy Education. “Oil formation.” https://bit.ly/3ej8r3Y Accessed Jan 2020
Chuck, C. (Ed.). 2016. Biofuels for aviation: feedstocks, technology and implementation. Academic Press
Goldmann, A., et al. 2018. A study on electrofuels in aviation. Energies, 11(2), 392. https://bit.ly/2AfRUis
Hileman, J. I., & Stratton, R. W. 2014. Alternative jet fuel feasibility. Transport Policy, 34, 52-62. https://bit.ly/2X8832H
IATA. May 2019. “Sustainable Aviation Fuels Fact sheet.” https://bit.ly/2ZO2BDX Accessed Jan 2020
IATA. December 2019. “Fuel Fact Sheet.” https://bit.ly/3dcJ0Ry Accessed March 2020
Le Feuvre, P. 18 March 2019. Are aviation biofuels ready for take off? https://bit.ly/2XA5R2T
Lehtveer, M., Brynolf, S., & Grahn, M. 2019. What Future for Electrofuels in Transport? Analysis of Cost Competitiveness in Global Climate Mitigation. Environmental science & technology, 53(3), 1690-1697. https://bit.ly/3d96QgX
McKinsey. Energy Resources. https://bit.ly/2M7pYzW Accessed December 2019.
Monroe Aerospace. 29 April 2019. Why Airplanes Use Kerosene Rather Than Plain Gasoline for Fuel. https://bit.ly/3d8FpnD
Searle, S. 15 Nov 2018. Decarbonizing aviation through low-carbon fuels will be beyond difficult. https://bit.ly/2zAN1kc
Shaw, R.J. 12 June 2014. “How does a jet engine work?” https://go.nasa.gov/2XOwG3F Accessed Jan 2020
Sindreu, J. 10 Jan 2020. The Promise of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Isn’t for Today. https://on.wsj.com/3gthykv
Wikipedia. “Nuclear Powered Aircraft” https://bit.ly/2ZGECGw Accessed Jan 2020.
Thanks to http://www.givewell.org/ for sponsoring this video! To learn more about the Against Malaria Foundation, visit: http://www.givewell.org/AMF or https://www.againstmalaria.com.
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________
FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started:
Malaria – a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Parasite – an organism that benefits by living in/on a host organism and deriving nutrients at the host’s expense.
Host – an organism in/on which another organism lives.
Protozoa – a group of single-celled microscopic animals (not bacteria or viruses) that includes the Plasmodium species.
Plasmodium – a genus of parasitic protozoa, many of which cause malaria in their hosts. Four species regularly infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, & P. ovale.
P. falciparum – the Plasmodium species that kills the most people, by causing malignant malaria, the most dangerous form of malaria.
Anopheles gambiae – a ‘complex’ of at least seven species of mosquitoes that are the main vectors of P. falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa.
Species complex – a group of closely related species that look so similar that the boundaries between them are often unclear.
Hunting and gathering – depending primarily on wild foods for subsistence
Paleontology – the study of fossils and what fossils tell us about the past, about evolution, and about how humans fit into the world.
___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________
Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
Amazing animation of seasonal temperature suitability for malaria https://goo.gl/63pYGt
Americapox CGPGrey video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEYh5WACqEk
The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/
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References:
Carter, R., & Mendis, K. N. (2002). Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clinical microbiology reviews, 15(4), 564-594. http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/564.full
Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malaria journal, 10(1), 1. http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-378
Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). Modelling the global constraints of temperature on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Parasites & Vectors, 4(1), 1. http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-4-92
Hay, S. I., et al. (2004). The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. The Lancet infectious diseases, 4(6), 327-336. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145123/
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2016). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington. Retrieved from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.
Liu, W., et al. (2010). Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas. Nature, 467(7314), 420-425. doi: 10.1038/nature09442
Malaria: Fact sheet (April 2016). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/
Packard, R. M. (2007). The making of a tropical disease: a short history of malaria (pp. 1-66 ). Baltimore.
Rich, S. M., et al. (2009). The origin of malignant malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(35), 14902-14907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907740106
Shah, S. (2010). The Fever: how malaria has ruled humankind for 500,000 years (pp. 1-33). Macmillan.
Sundararaman, S. A., et al. (2016). Genomes of cryptic chimpanzee Plasmodium species reveal key evolutionary events leading to human malaria. Nature communications, 7. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11078
Webb, J. L. (2009). Humanity’s burden: a global history of malaria (pp. 1-91). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
World Health Organization. (2015). World malaria report 2015. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2015/report/en/
Thanks to the ASCEND project for partnering with us on this video!
How do you count things you don’t know about?
LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with this keyword:
– Species accumulation curve: a graph recording the cumulative number of species recorded as a function of the cumulative effort expended searching for them.
SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
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If you like what we do, you can help us!:
– Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
– Share this video with your friends and family
– Leave us a comment (we read them!)
CREDITS
*********
Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
OUR STAFF
************
Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke
Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes
Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
REFERENCES
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Beech E, Rivers M, Oldfield S, Smith PP (2017) Global Tree Search: The first complete global database of tree species and country distributions. J. Sustain. For. 36, 454–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049
Cazzolla Gatti, R, et al. (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (6): e2115329119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
Chao, A. and Chiu, C. H. (2016). Species richness: estimation and
comparison. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. 1-26. http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw/wordpress/paper/119.pdf
Chiu CH, Chao A (2016) Estimating and comparing microbial diversity in the presence of sequencing errors. PeerJ 4, e1634. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1634
ter Steege, H., et al. (2013) Hyperdominance in the Amazonian tree flora. Science 342, 1243092 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243092
A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
– Maarten Bremer
– Jeff Straathof
– Today I Found Out
– Tony Fadell
– Muhammad Shifaz
– Mark Roth
– Melissa Vigil
– Valentin
– Alberto Bortoni
___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Alex Reich
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________
Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
Some thoroughly unscientific ways to test your dog’s intelligence: http://www.wikihow.com/Test-a-Dog’s-Intelligence
FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Breed group: A grouping of dog breeds based on their historical jobs.
Dog personality traits: Levels of playfulness, curiosity, sociability, and aggressiveness that dogs exhibit based on testing.
Animal Cognition: The study of the mental capacities of animals.
Confirmation bias: The tendency to interpret evidence in favor of one’s existing beliefs.
___________________________________________
References:
Svartberg, K. (2006). Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96 (293-313). Retrieved from http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(05)00160-7/abstract
Svartberg, K. (2016). Personal Communication.
Hare, B. & Woods, V. (2013) The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Genius-Dogs-Smarter-Than-Think/dp/0142180467/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1475530594&sr=1-1
Helton, W. (2010). Does perceived trainability of dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breeds reflect differences in learning or differences in physical ability? Behavioural Processes 83 (315-323). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20117185
Pongracz, P., Miklosi, A., Vida, V., Csanyi, V. (2005) The pet dogs ability for learning from a human demonstrator in a detour task is independent from the breed and age. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90 (309-323). Retrieved from http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(04)00177-7/abstract
Why Does Earth Have Deserts? For the same reason it has Rainforests: Hadley Cells!!!
CREDITS
*********
Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder https://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
Thanks to ScienceAlert for support – https://www.sciencealert.com
Special thanks to Ryan Loomis and TED-Ed for contributions.
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
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If you like what we do, you can help us!:
– Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
– Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth
– Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books
– Share this video with your friends and family
– Leave us a comment (we read them!)
REFERENCES
**************
Persson, A. 2006. Hadley’s principle: Understanding and misunderstanding the trade winds. History of Meteorology 3: 17-42. https://www.meteohistory.org/2006historyofmeteorology3/2persson_hadley.pdf
Scientists have uncovered previously unknown fault lines hidden beneath one of America’s most active earthquake regions, revealing a far more complex underground landscape than anyone realized. Using advanced imaging techniques, researchers discovered a network of buried faults that could influence how stress builds and moves through the Earth’s crust during future earthquakes. The finding is forcing scientists to reevaluate earthquake hazards in the region and raising new questions about how seismic activity spreads beneath major population centers. This video explores the hidden fault system, how it was discovered, and why experts believe it could reshape our understanding of earthquake risk in the United States. Sometimes the greatest geological threats are the ones nobody knew were there.
Animation is created by Bright Side.
—————————————————————————————-
Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/
Check our Bright Side podcast on Spotify and leave a positive review! https://open.spotify.com/show/0hUkPxD34jRLrMrJux4VxV
Subscribe to Bright Side: https://goo.gl/rQTJZz
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https://www.shutterstock.com
https://www.eastnews.ru
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For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me
—————————————————————————————-
This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer’s responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
Check out our brand new channels: MinuteFood and MinuteMinis!
MinuteFood | https://www.youtube.com/minutefood?sub_confirmation=1
MinuteMinis | https://www.youtube.com/minuteminis?sub_confirmation=1
MinuteEarth Explains Book | https://www.minuteearth.com/books
SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
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If you like what we do, you can help us!:
– Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
– Share this video with your friends and family
– Leave us a comment (we read them!)
CREDITS
*********
David Goldenberg | Script Writer and Director
Kate Yoshida | Narrator
Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
OUR STAFF
************
Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich
Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever Salazar
Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
You’ve probably heard that leaves of deciduous trees change color in autumn because they lose their green chlorophyll molecules, allowing the underlying yellow and orange pigments to shine through. However, this doesn’t explain why the leaves change color in the first place.
LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Leaf senescence
– Chlorophyll
– Carotenoid
– Anthocyanin
SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
**************************
If you like what we do, you can help us!:
– Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
– Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth
– Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books
– Share this video with your friends and family
– Leave us a comment (we read them!)
CREDITS
*********
Peter Reich | Script Writer
Henry Reich | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
Our staff: Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, Ever Salazar, Kate Yoshida, and Henry Reich
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
OTHER CREDITS
*****************
Maple Tree – William Warby
Red Maple Tree – John Brueske
http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-28786426/
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons:
– Today I Found Out
– Jeff Straathof
– Mark
– Maarten Bremer
– Alberto Bortoni
– Valentin
– Nicholas Buckendorf
– Antoine Coeur
REFERENCES
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Hoch, W. A., Singsaas, E. L., & McCown, B. H. (2003). Resorption protection. Anthocyanins facilitate nutrient recovery in autumn by shielding leaves from potentially damaging light levels. Plant Physiology, 133(3), 1296-1305.
Feild, T. S., Lee, D. W., & Holbrook, N. M. (2001). Why leaves turn red in autumn. The role of anthocyanins in senescing leaves of red-osier dogwood. Plant physiology, 127(2), 566-574.
Africa is tearing apart along a massive geological rift, and new research suggests parts of this process may be happening much faster than scientists once believed. Deep beneath East Africa, powerful tectonic forces are pulling the continent in opposite directions, creating giant cracks, triggering earthquakes, and laying the foundation for what could eventually become a brand-new ocean. Some regions have experienced dramatic surface changes in surprisingly short periods, giving researchers a rare opportunity to watch a continent reshape itself in real time. This video explores the latest discoveries, the science behind Africa’s growing rift, and what the future may hold for millions of people living above one of Earth’s most active geological boundaries. The birth of a new ocean is one of the rarest events on our planet—and it may already be underway.
Animation is created by Bright Side.
—————————————————————————————-
Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/
Check our Bright Side podcast on Spotify and leave a positive review! https://open.spotify.com/show/0hUkPxD34jRLrMrJux4VxV
Subscribe to Bright Side: https://goo.gl/rQTJZz
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Our Social Media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/brightplanet/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brightside.official
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brightside.official?lang=en
Stock materials (photos, footages and other):
https://www.depositphotos.com
https://www.shutterstock.com
https://www.eastnews.ru
—————————————————————————————-
For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me
—————————————————————————————-
This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer’s responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.
This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. COVID isn’t the only virus to cause long-lasting symptoms. Other viruses – including the flu – can have similar enduring effects on our tissues and immune systems.
LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Sequelae: Chronic complications of an acute condition.
– RSV: Respiratory Syncytial Virus infects a majority of children before the age of two.
– SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is a coronavirus-caused respiratory disease responsible for an outbreak in 2002-2003.
– Cytokine Storm: A sudden increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines that causes a severe immune reaction.
– Fibrosis: Pathological wound healing that leads to the formation of scar tissue.
SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
**************************
If you like what we do, you can help us!:
– Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
– Share this video with your friends and family
– Leave us a comment (we read them!)
CREDITS
*********
David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
OUR STAFF
************
Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich
Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever Salazar
Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
REFERENCES
**************
Sigal, M. (2021) What is causing the ‘long-hauler’ phenomenon after COVID-19? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 88 (5): 273-288. Retrieved from: https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/5/273
Wu, P., & Hartert, T. V. (2011). Evidence for a causal relationship between respiratory syncytial virus infection and asthma. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 9(9), 731–745. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.92
Gao, B., Xiang, X. (2019) Interleukin-22 from bench to bedside: a promising drug for epithelial repair. Cell Mol Immunol 16, 666–667. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-018-0055-6
Haseltine, W. (2022). New Clues To Long Covid: Prolonged Inflammatory Response. Forbes. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2022/01/25/new-clues-to-long-covid-prolonged-inflammatory-response/?sh=7902b7d8765c
Marshall, M. (2020). The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers. Nature. 585, 339-341. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02598-6
Alcorn, John. (2022) Personal Communication. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Immunology. https://www.immunology.pitt.edu/person/john-f-alcorn-phd
A monitoring system developed to listen for secret nuclear tests mostly hears other events happening all around Earth.
Thanks to CTBTO for sponsoring this video: https://www.ctbto.org/
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
Visit our NEW WEBSITE: https://www.minuteearth.com/
___________________________________________
If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Infrasound: sound waves too low in frequency for humans to hear. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 0.02 to 4Hz
Hydroacoustic: having to do with underwater sounds. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 1-100 Hz
Seismic: oscillation waves in the earth, often caused by earthquakes or other tectonic activity. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 0.02-16 Hz
___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Jesse Agar
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________
Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
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If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
Animals can detect infrasound: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/12/surviving_the_tsunami.html
A Time-Lapse Map of Every Nuclear Explosion Since 1945: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLCF7vPanrY
Sound travels 1000s of miles in the ocean’s SOFAR channel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOFAR_channel
___________________________________________
Sounds in the video that were recorded by CTBTO stations:
0:32 Kasatoshi volcano eruption in August 2008, detected 2100km away at infrasound station on mainland Alaska. Sped up 500x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasatochi_Island
0:35 Explosion of Antares rocket in October 2014, detected 1100km away at Bermuda infrasound station. Sped up 150x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-3 and video: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antares_Fails_to_Reach_Orbit_with_Cygnus_CRS-3_after_Rocket_Explodes.webm
0:37 Ship engine detected June 1 2017 by hydroacoustic station. Sped up 16x
0:40 Waves hitting an iceberg and causing it to vibrate like a cymbal in July 2010. Detected by hydroacoustic station off of Western Australia. Sped up 16x
1:01 Whale call Feb 18 2017, detected by hydroacoustic station. Sped up 16x
1:08 Chelyabinsk meteor airburst February 15 2013, detected by infrasound station 650km away in Kazakhstan. Sped up 135x
1:39 Earthquake Jan 2 2017, detected by infrasound station. Sped up 16x
2:00 Sound with unknown cause, detected by hydroacoustic station. March 25 2017. Sped up 16x
References
Brown, P. G., et al. 2013. A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors. Nature, 503(7475), 238-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12741
Gavrilov, A. May 2017, Personal communication
Graham, G. May 2017, Personal communication
Harabalus, G. May 2017, personal communication
LeBras, R. May 2017, personal communication
Mialle P., May 2017, personal communication
Miksis-Old, J. May 2017, personal communication
Nielsen, P., May 2017, personal communication
Le Pichon, A., et al. 2013. The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(14), 3732-3737. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50619/full
Iceland is literally being torn in half, and nobody tells you about it. While tourists admire its stunning landscapes, the ground beneath is actively splitting apart. Two tectonic plates are pulling away from each other at about 2 centimeters per year, and the consequences are devastating. In 2023, the town of Grindavik was evacuated overnight as the ground cracked open beneath people’s homes. Thousands became geological refugees.
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When it comes to the mating game, fish have some of the strangest ways of thwarting the competition.
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Alternative mating strategy: a strategy used by male or female animals, often with distinct phenotypes, that differs from the prevailing mating strategy.
– Dependent selection: an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition of a given population.
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Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia i Ruis | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke
Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes
Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
REFERENCES
**************
Dominey, Wallace J. “Female Mimicry in Male Bluegill Sunfish—a Genetic Polymorphism?” Nature, vol. 284, no. 5756, Apr. 1980, pp. 546–548, https://doi.org/10.1038/284546a0
“Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies: Frequency-Dependent Sexual Selection in Male Bluegill Sunfish | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 2022, royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1991.0033
Gross, Mart R. “Alternative Reproductive Strategies and Tactics: Diversity within Sexes.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 11, no. 2, Feb. 1996, pp. 92–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81050-0
Gross, Mart R. “Sneakers, Satellites and Parentals: Polymorphic Mating Strategies in North American Sunfishes.” Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, vol. 60, no. 1, 12 Jan. 1982, pp. 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb01073.x
Jukema, Joop, and Theunis Piersma. “Permanent Female Mimics in a Lekking Shorebird.” Biology Letters, vol. 2, no. 2, 10 Jan. 2006, pp. 161–164, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0416
Neff, B. D. “Genetic Paternity Analysis and Breeding Success in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus).” Journal of Heredity, vol. 92, no. 2, 1 Mar. 2001, pp. 111–119, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/92.2.111
Neff, B. D. “Sperm Investment and Alternative Mating Tactics in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus).” Behavioral Ecology, vol. 14, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2003, pp. 634–641, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arg032
Neff, Bryan D., and Erik I. Svensson. “Polyandry and Alternative Mating Tactics.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 368, no. 1613, 5 Mar. 2013, p. 20120045, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0045
Our first video ever! Agriculture, hula hoops, SARS, and THIS video: how long did they take to get around the earth?
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Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
Thanks to ScienceAlert for support – http://www.sciencealert.com
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
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Still wondering why leaves are green and not purple or even black? CHLOROPHYLL! It’s how leaves work.
CREDITS
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Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
Thanks to ScienceAlert for support – http://www.sciencealert.com
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
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REFERENCES
**************
Papers referred to in the making of this video:
Blankenship, Robert E. 2010. Early evolution of photosynthesis. Plant physiology 154(2): 434-438. http://www.plantphysiology.org/content/154/2/434.full.pdf+html
Hohmann-Marriott, M. F., & Blankenship, R. E. 2011. Evolution of photosynthesis. Annual review of plant biology 62: 515-548. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103811
Raven, J. A. 2009. Functional evolution of photochemical energy transformations in oxygen-producing organisms. Functional Plant Biology 36(6): 505-515. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=FP09087.pdf
Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They’ll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth.
Extreme weather sometimes happens in very specific areas thanks to extreme surface temperature differences.
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Evapotranspiration: the return of water to the atmosphere from the ground surface.
Troposphere: The lowest region of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending usually to around 10 km above the Earth’s surface.
Tropopause: The top-most boundary of the troposphere.
Low Pressure System: An area of relatively low pressure that draws air into it, causing converging winds.
Micro-climate: The climate of a very small or restricted area.
Heat Island: An urban area that has higher average temperatures than its surrounding due to the heat absorption of materials like concrete and asphalt.
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CREDITS
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David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
OUR STAFF
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Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
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Articles from Denver Post, Denverite, BBC, itv News,The Independent, Weather Channel, NBC 10 Philadelphia, WFMZ 69, WQAD 8 abc, KSDK 5
Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
REFERENCES
**************
MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. Topic Summary: Mitigating Climate Change with Reflective Pavements. (2021). Retrieved from: https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdf
Randel W. J., Jensen E. J., (2013) Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience Vol 6, pp 169. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733
Kurn, D M, Bretz, S E, Huang, B, and Akbari, H. (1994) “The potential for reducing urban air temperatures and energy consumption through vegetative cooling.” United States OSTI, Retrieved from: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10180633-potential-reducing-urban-air-temperatures-energy-consumption-through-vegetative-cooling
Lejeune, Q., Davin, E.L., Gudmundsson, L. et al. (2018) Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes. Nature Clim Change 8, 386–390. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0131-z
Ma J., Chadwick R., Seo K. H., Dong C., Huang G., Foltz G. R., Jiang J. H. (2018) Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 46:549–580. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517010102
Terzi, L. (2021). Personal communication. Belgian Nuclear Research Center.
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MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth’s environment — in just a few minutes!
Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, and Ever Salazar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
REFERENCES
Berkeley et al. 2004. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/03-0706
Birkeland and Dayton. 2005. http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution//retrieve/pii/S0169534705000777?cc=y
Garcia et al. 2012. http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00070/18121/15670.pdf
Halliday and Pinhorn. 2009. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783609000423
Halliday and Pinhorn. 2002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783602000796
Jorgensen et al. 2007. http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3302.pdf
Beldade et al. 2012. http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/bernardi/Bernardi/Publications/2012Female_size.pdf
Schmidt. 2003. http://www.oecd.org/japan/2507622.pdf
Shackell and Frank. 2007. http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2007/336/m336p235.pdf
Zhou et al. 2010. http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9485.full.pdf+html
One of Earth’s biggest cells is one you’re probably really familiar with.
See what we’re cooking up over at our BRAND-NEW channel, MinuteFood: https://www.youtube.com/user/minutefood
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Cell: the smallest unit that can execute all the activities required for life
– Egg: the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an embryo develops until it can survive on its own
– Fertilization: the union of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction to form a zygote
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Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info
OUR STAFF
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Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich
Henry Reich • Peter Reich • Ever Salazar
Alexander Vidal • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida
Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176
REFERENCES
**************
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002). Eggs. Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th edition). New York: Garland Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26842/
Gilbert S. (2013). “”Early Development in Birds””. Developmental Biology (10th ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10070/
Marshall WF, Young KD, Swaffer M, Wood E. (2012) What determines cell size? BMC Biololgy 10: 101. https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-10-101
Starck J (2020) Morphology of the avian yolk sac, Journal of Morphology 282:7, (959-972). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmor.21262
Scientists have finally uncovered the chain of events that transformed Antarctica from a green, forested continent into the frozen wilderness we know today. Millions of years ago, Antarctica supported rivers, forests, and even dinosaurs, but everything changed when shifting tectonic plates isolated the continent and opened a gateway for a powerful ocean current to form around it. That current, known as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, effectively cut Antarctica off from warmer waters and triggered a dramatic global cooling event. As temperatures plunged, massive ice sheets began to expand, eventually covering nearly the entire continent and locking away enough frozen water to reshape sea levels around the world. Join us as we explore the discovery of what froze Antarctica, how a single geological change transformed an entire continent, and why the effects are still shaping Earth’s climate today.
Credit:
vladgrinch https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/1htey8s/what_antarctica_looks_like_without_ice/ / Reddit
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Britain suffered one of the most devastating natural disasters in its history, yet most people have never heard of it. Thousands of years ago, a colossal underwater landslide off the coast of Norway triggered a massive tsunami that raced across the North Sea and slammed into the shores of what is now the United Kingdom. Entire coastal landscapes were wiped out, prehistoric communities vanished, and vast areas of land disappeared beneath the waves in a catastrophe known as the Storegga Slide tsunami. Now, new geological evidence and advanced seafloor mapping are helping scientists reconstruct the true scale of the disaster and reveal just how close Britain came to an even greater catastrophe. Join us as we uncover Britain’s lost tsunami disaster, explore the evidence hidden beneath the North Sea, and discover how this ancient megawave reshaped the history and geography of the British Isles.
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Buy the book: “Where the Animals Go: Tracking Wildlife with Technology in 50 Maps and Graphics” at http://www.wheretheanimalsgo.com
Copyright 2016 by James Cheshire and Oliver Uberti. First American Edition published by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. in 2017. First published in Great Britain in 2016 by Particular Books, an imprint of Penguin Books.
Migrating birds care more about the ease of their trip than the distance they travel, and that leads to some truly roundabout routes.
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________
To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Migration: The seasonal movement of a population of animals from one area to another.
Prevailing winds: Winds in a particular area that blow in a particular direction.
Thermal: An upward current of warm air.
Lift: A force that counteracts the weight of an object and holds it in the air.
Flyway: A route regularly used by lots of migrating birds.
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Arcadi García
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________
References:
Horton, K., Van Doren, B., Stepanian, P.,Hochachka, W., Farnsworth, A., and Kelly, J. (2016). Nocturnally migrating songbirds drift when they can and compensate when they must. Scientific Reports 6, 1-8. Nature. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep21249
Kranstauber,B., Weinzierl, R., Wikelski, M., Safi, K. (2015). Global aerial flyways allow efficient travelling. Ecology Letters. 18: 133. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12528/full
Liechti, F. (2006). Birds: blowin’ by the wind.Journal of Ornithology. 47: 202–211. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-006-0061-9.
Reddy, G., Celani, A., Sejnowski, T., and Vergassola, M. (2016). Learning to soar in turbulent environments. PNAS. 113(33):E4877-84. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27482099
Shamoun-Baranes, J., Leshem, Y., Yom-Tov, Y., and Liech, O. (2003). Differential use of thermal convection by soaring birds over central Israel. The Condor. 105:208-218. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1370541.
Leshem, Yossi. (2017) Professor of Life Science, Tel-Aviv University. Personal Communication.
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Because the ossification process can differ so much from human to human, we have a wide range of potential bone numbers.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
___________________________________________
To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Cartilage: The flexible connective tissue that is turned to bone by osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: Cells that control calcium and mineral deposition to turn cartilage into bone.
Sesamoids: Bones embedded in tendons or muscles.
Fabella: A large sesamoid bone occasionally found behind the knee joint.
Coccyx: The small set of semi-fused triangular bones at the end of the vertebral column.
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer, Editor and Video Director and Narrator: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia (@garirius)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________
References:
Goldberg I, Nathan H. (1987). Anatomy and pathology of the sesamoid bones. The hand compared to the foot. International Orthopaedics. 11(2):141-7. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3610408.
Vineet K. Sarin Gregory M. Erickson Nicholas J. Giori A. Gabrielle Bergman Dennis R. Carter (2003). Coincident development of sesamoid bones and clues to their evolution. The Anatomical Record.5: 174-180. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0185%2819991015%29257%3A5%3C174%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O.
Tao Sun, Lingxiang Wang, Haitao Zhao,Wenjuan Wu,and Wenhai Hu (2016). Prevalence, morphological variation and ossification of sesamoid bones of the forefoot: a retrospective radiographic study of 8,716 Chinese subjects. 2(3): 91–96. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410651/.
Postacchini F, Massobrio M. (1983). Idiopathic coccygodynia: Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. 65(8): 1116-1124. Retrieved from: https://www.coccyx.org/medabs/posta.htm.
Meals, Roy. (2019). Personal Communication. http://www.AboutBone.com
A giant fault off the west coast of North America is quietly building pressure beneath the Pacific Ocean. It’s called the Cascadia Subduction Zone, and scientists believe it could one day trigger a magnitude 9+ megathrust earthquake followed by a devastating tsunami. In this video, we explore the history of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, mysterious silent earthquakes, ghost forests, slow-slip events, and why experts are closely monitoring one of the most dangerous fault lines on Earth.
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Our planet is surrounded by a wispy-thin layer of gas that keeps us warm and allows weather to happen and basically makes all of life on Earth possible. Except… that precious atmosphere of ours is actually leaking, every second, into outer space
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Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
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Geysers are amazing natural formations that shoot magma-heated water from deep below the Earth’s surface! What could possibly be cooler than that?!
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Script Writer & Narrator: Tom Scott
Script Editor: Henry Reich
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar
Video Director: Emily Elert
With Contributions From: Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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Photo of Null Island Buoy by: Jacques Grelet, IRD.fr
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
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References:
Delta Works. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 8, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Works.
Flood control in the Netherlands. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 8, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands.
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
Koch, E.W., Barbier, E.B., Silliman, B.R., Reed, D.J. et al. (2009). Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(1):29–37. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1056&context=iss_pub
Möller, I.; Kudella, M.; Rupprecht, F.; Spencer, T.; Paul, M.; van Wesenbeeck, B.K (2014). Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience 7: 727–731. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n10/full/ngeo2251.html
Moss, S. (2011, January 19). Weatherwatch: The Grote Mandrenke. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/news/2011/jan/20/weatherwatch-grote-mandrenke
The World Bank Group (2011). Guide to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdf
Image Credits:
Oahu Hawaii – Cristo Vlahos
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waikiki_view_from_Diamond_Head.JPG
Port of Cape Town – Wikimedia user SkyPixels
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_of_Cape_Town.jpg
Hong Kong – Wikimedia user WiNG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Island_Skyline_2009.jpg
Perth Australia – Public Domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_Skyline.jpg
Hartelkering gesloten – Wikimedia user Quistnix
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spijkenisse_-_Hartelkering_gesloten.jpg
Oosterscheldekering-pohled – Vladimír Šiman
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oosterscheldekering-pohled.jpg
Haringvlietdam 2006 – Wikimedia user Quistnix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haringvlietdam_2006_06_18-2.jpg
Jakarta’s flooded streets – VOA Indonesian Service (Public Domain)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VOA_People_walk_through_Jakarta%27s_flooded_streets.jpg
Pollen is often described as ‘plant sperm’, but it has some important differences! Like sperm, pollen contains one DNA set from its parent, but unlike sperm, pollen itself is actually its own separate living plant made of multiple cells that, under the right conditions, can live for months, depending on the species.
