What Nuclear Bombs Taught Us About Whales

A monitoring system developed to listen for secret nuclear tests mostly hears other events happening all around Earth.

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If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Infrasound: sound waves too low in frequency for humans to hear. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 0.02 to 4Hz
Hydroacoustic: having to do with underwater sounds. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 1-100 Hz
Seismic: oscillation waves in the earth, often caused by earthquakes or other tectonic activity. The CTBTO stations detect frequencies of 0.02-16 Hz
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Jesse Agar
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
Animals can detect infrasound: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/12/surviving_the_tsunami.html

A Time-Lapse Map of Every Nuclear Explosion Since 1945: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLCF7vPanrY

Sound travels 1000s of miles in the ocean’s SOFAR channel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOFAR_channel

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Sounds in the video that were recorded by CTBTO stations:

0:32 Kasatoshi volcano eruption in August 2008, detected 2100km away at infrasound station on mainland Alaska. Sped up 500x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasatochi_Island

0:35 Explosion of Antares rocket in October 2014, detected 1100km away at Bermuda infrasound station. Sped up 150x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-3 and video: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antares_Fails_to_Reach_Orbit_with_Cygnus_CRS-3_after_Rocket_Explodes.webm

0:37 Ship engine detected June 1 2017 by hydroacoustic station. Sped up 16x

0:40 Waves hitting an iceberg and causing it to vibrate like a cymbal in July 2010. Detected by hydroacoustic station off of Western Australia. Sped up 16x

1:01 Whale call Feb 18 2017, detected by hydroacoustic station. Sped up 16x

1:08 Chelyabinsk meteor airburst February 15 2013, detected by infrasound station 650km away in Kazakhstan. Sped up 135x

1:39 Earthquake Jan 2 2017, detected by infrasound station. Sped up 16x

2:00 Sound with unknown cause, detected by hydroacoustic station. March 25 2017. Sped up 16x

References

Brown, P. G., et al. 2013. A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors. Nature, 503(7475), 238-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12741

Gavrilov, A. May 2017, Personal communication

Graham, G. May 2017, Personal communication

Harabalus, G. May 2017, personal communication

LeBras, R. May 2017, personal communication

Mialle P., May 2017, personal communication

Miksis-Old, J. May 2017, personal communication

Nielsen, P., May 2017, personal communication

Le Pichon, A., et al. 2013. The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(14), 3732-3737. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50619/full

The Weird Sex Lives of Bluegills

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When it comes to the mating game, fish have some of the strangest ways of thwarting the competition.

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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
– Alternative mating strategy: a strategy used by male or female animals, often with distinct phenotypes, that differs from the prevailing mating strategy.
– Dependent selection: an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition of a given population.

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REFERENCES
**************
Dominey, Wallace J. “Female Mimicry in Male Bluegill Sunfish—a Genetic Polymorphism?” Nature, vol. 284, no. 5756, Apr. 1980, pp. 546–548, https://doi.org/10.1038/284546a0

“Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies: Frequency-Dependent Sexual Selection in Male Bluegill Sunfish | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 2022, royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1991.0033

Gross, Mart R. “Alternative Reproductive Strategies and Tactics: Diversity within Sexes.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 11, no. 2, Feb. 1996, pp. 92–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81050-0

Gross, Mart R. “Sneakers, Satellites and Parentals: Polymorphic Mating Strategies in North American Sunfishes.” Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, vol. 60, no. 1, 12 Jan. 1982, pp. 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb01073.x

Jukema, Joop, and Theunis Piersma. “Permanent Female Mimics in a Lekking Shorebird.” Biology Letters, vol. 2, no. 2, 10 Jan. 2006, pp. 161–164, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0416

Neff, B. D. “Genetic Paternity Analysis and Breeding Success in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus).” Journal of Heredity, vol. 92, no. 2, 1 Mar. 2001, pp. 111–119, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/92.2.111

Neff, B. D. “Sperm Investment and Alternative Mating Tactics in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus).” Behavioral Ecology, vol. 14, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2003, pp. 634–641, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arg032

Neff, Bryan D., and Erik I. Svensson. “Polyandry and Alternative Mating Tactics.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 368, no. 1613, 5 Mar. 2013, p. 20120045, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0045

Neff, Bryan. Personal Communication

MinuteEarth: The Story of Our Planet

Our first video ever! Agriculture, hula hoops, SARS, and THIS video: how long did they take to get around the earth?

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Confessions of a Youtuber

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics — all in a minute!

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Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions. Created by Henry Reich

London Bridge Was Sold to the US!?

London Bridge has already been rebuilt twice! But what happened to the bridges that came down?

Also, explore a map of the big bang! http://www.bigbangregistry.com

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http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

Why The Full Moon is Better in Winter

Winter is unquestionably the best season – for skiing. And for full moons.

Created by Henry Reich
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Misconceptions Footnote †: Randomness and Feedback

Footnote to the main video here: https://youtu.be/HUti6vGctQM

Feedback loops and spurious correlations!

REFERENCES:
Spurious correlations: http://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations
Loopy by Nicky Case: http://ncase.me/loopy/
CERN/CMS paper on di-photon excess: https://cds.cern.ch/record/2139899

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Why Are Leaves Green? Part 2

Still wondering why leaves are green and not purple or even black? CHLOROPHYLL! It’s how leaves work.

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Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
Thanks to ScienceAlert for support – http://www.sciencealert.com

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REFERENCES
**************
Papers referred to in the making of this video:
Blankenship, Robert E. 2010. Early evolution of photosynthesis. Plant physiology 154(2): 434-438. http://www.plantphysiology.org/content/154/2/434.full.pdf+html

Hohmann-Marriott, M. F., & Blankenship, R. E. 2011. Evolution of photosynthesis. Annual review of plant biology 62: 515-548. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103811

Raven, J. A. 2009. Functional evolution of photochemical energy transformations in oxygen-producing organisms. Functional Plant Biology 36(6): 505-515. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=FP09087.pdf

Why The Weather Is Worse At The Mall

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Extreme weather sometimes happens in very specific areas thanks to extreme surface temperature differences.

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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Evapotranspiration: the return of water to the atmosphere from the ground surface.
Troposphere: The lowest region of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending usually to around 10 km above the Earth’s surface.
Tropopause: The top-most boundary of the troposphere.
Low Pressure System: An area of relatively low pressure that draws air into it, causing converging winds.
Micro-climate: The climate of a very small or restricted area.
Heat Island: An urban area that has higher average temperatures than its surrounding due to the heat absorption of materials like concrete and asphalt.

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REFERENCES
**************
MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. Topic Summary: Mitigating Climate Change with Reflective Pavements. (2021). Retrieved from: https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdf

Randel W. J., Jensen E. J., (2013) Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience Vol 6, pp 169. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733

Kurn, D M, Bretz, S E, Huang, B, and Akbari, H. (1994) “The potential for reducing urban air temperatures and energy consumption through vegetative cooling.” United States OSTI, Retrieved from: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10180633-potential-reducing-urban-air-temperatures-energy-consumption-through-vegetative-cooling

Lejeune, Q., Davin, E.L., Gudmundsson, L. et al. (2018) Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes. Nature Clim Change 8, 386–390. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0131-z

Ma J., Chadwick R., Seo K. H., Dong C., Huang G., Foltz G. R., Jiang J. H. (2018) Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 46:549–580. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517010102

Terzi, L. (2021). Personal communication. Belgian Nuclear Research Center.

The One That Got Away (Size Matters)

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REFERENCES
Berkeley et al. 2004. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/03-0706
Birkeland and Dayton. 2005. http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution//retrieve/pii/S0169534705000777?cc=y
Garcia et al. 2012. http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00070/18121/15670.pdf
Halliday and Pinhorn. 2009. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783609000423
Halliday and Pinhorn. 2002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783602000796
Jorgensen et al. 2007. http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-3302.pdf
Beldade et al. 2012. http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/bernardi/Bernardi/Publications/2012Female_size.pdf
Schmidt. 2003. http://www.oecd.org/japan/2507622.pdf
Shackell and Frank. 2007. http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2007/336/m336p235.pdf
Zhou et al. 2010. http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9485.full.pdf+html

Fishing regulations:
http://myfwc.com/media/2617048/Commercial%20Regulations%20Quick%20Chart.pdf
http://www.southernsfc.org.uk/mls/wheelhousecard.pdf
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dfg/dmf/recreationalfishing/private-angler-rules-poster.pdf
http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/fishlimits.pdf