earth - Jean Sainvil - In God We Trust - Blessed is the man who comes in the name of God.

You Have More Bones Than You Think

Go to https://www.curiositystream.com/minute to get a free month trial with CuriosityStream and get a subscription to Nebula bundled in for free!

Because the ossification process can differ so much from human to human, we have a wide range of potential bone numbers.

Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
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To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Cartilage: The flexible connective tissue that is turned to bone by osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: Cells that control calcium and mineral deposition to turn cartilage into bone.
Sesamoids: Bones embedded in tendons or muscles.
Fabella: A large sesamoid bone occasionally found behind the knee joint.
Coccyx: The small set of semi-fused triangular bones at the end of the vertebral column.
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer, Editor and Video Director and Narrator: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia (@garirius)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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References:

Goldberg I, Nathan H. (1987). Anatomy and pathology of the sesamoid bones. The hand compared to the foot. International Orthopaedics. 11(2):141-7. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3610408.

Vineet K. Sarin Gregory M. Erickson Nicholas J. Giori A. Gabrielle Bergman Dennis R. Carter (2003). Coincident development of sesamoid bones and clues to their evolution. The Anatomical Record.5: 174-180. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0185%2819991015%29257%3A5%3C174%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O.

Tao Sun, Lingxiang Wang, Haitao Zhao,Wenjuan Wu,and Wenhai Hu (2016). Prevalence, morphological variation and ossification of sesamoid bones of the forefoot: a retrospective radiographic study of 8,716 Chinese subjects. 2(3): 91–96. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410651/.

Postacchini F, Massobrio M. (1983). Idiopathic coccygodynia: Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. 65(8): 1116-1124. Retrieved from: https://www.coccyx.org/medabs/posta.htm.

Meals, Roy. (2019). Personal Communication. http://www.AboutBone.com

Giant Crack Beneath America Could Trigger a Megaquake

A giant fault off the west coast of North America is quietly building pressure beneath the Pacific Ocean. It’s called the Cascadia Subduction Zone, and scientists believe it could one day trigger a magnitude 9+ megathrust earthquake followed by a devastating tsunami. In this video, we explore the history of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, mysterious silent earthquakes, ghost forests, slow-slip events, and why experts are closely monitoring one of the most dangerous fault lines on Earth.
Animation is created by Bright Side.
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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer’s responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.

Our Atmosphere is Escaping!

Our planet is surrounded by a wispy-thin layer of gas that keeps us warm and allows weather to happen and basically makes all of life on Earth possible. Except… that precious atmosphere of ours is actually leaking, every second, into outer space

CREDITS
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Created by Henry Reich, with Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Rose Eveleth, Emily Elert, and John Guittar.
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder: https://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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REFERENCES
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Atmospheric escape on Earth: https://faculty.washington.edu/dcatling/Catling2009_SciAm.pdf

This Planet Could Support Life – And It’s So Close

Astronomers have identified a nearby world that could be one of the most promising places to search for life beyond Earth. Located surprisingly close in cosmic terms, this intriguing exoplanet orbits within its star’s habitable zone, the region where temperatures may allow liquid water to exist on the surface. Early observations suggest the planet could possess conditions suitable for life, making it a prime target for powerful observatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope. Scientists are now racing to study its atmosphere, search for potential biosignatures, and determine whether this world is truly Earth-like or merely another hostile alien environment. Join us as we explore the fascinating planet that could support life and discover why astronomers believe one of humanity’s best chances of finding extraterrestrial life may be closer than anyone expected.
Credit:
Moon transit of sun large: By NASA – https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/12mar_stereoeclipse/, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moon_transit_of_sun_large.ogv
NASA’s Habitable Worlds Observatory Will Search For Life: By NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio – eMITS/Scott Wiessinger, eMITS/Chris Smith, NASA/GSFC/Claire Andreoli, eMITS/Jonathan North, eMITS/Jenny McElligott, eMITS/Jacob Pinter, NASA/GSFC/Aki Roberge, NASA/GSFC/Giada Arney, John Rhys-Davies – https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14861, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NASA%27s_Habitable_Worlds_Observatory_Will_Search_For_Life_(SVS14861).webm
What is space weather: By NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio – “Andromeda” by David Naroth, Arun Ganapathy & Victor Mercader [BMI] from Universal Production Music – https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14907, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:What_is_space_weather-_(SVS14907).webm
GJ 251 c: By NASA, https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/gj-251-c/
CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0:
Proxima Centauri b: By ESO/Konstantino Polizois/Nico Bartmann – http://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/videos/konstantino_polizois/, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proxima_Centauri_b.webm
CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0:
A journey to Proxima Centauri: By ESO./L. Calçada/Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org) – http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1629d/, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_journey_to_Proxima_Centauri_and_its_planet_(video).webm
possible surface temperatures on Proxima b: By ESO – http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1629h/, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Numerical_simulation_of_possible_surface_temperatures_on_Proxima_b_(3-2_resonance).webm
the planet orbiting Proxima Centauri: By ESO/M. Kornmesser – http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1629c/, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri_(surface).webm
Animation is created by Bright Side.

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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Geysers: When Water Erupts!

Geysers are amazing natural formations that shoot magma-heated water from deep below the Earth’s surface! What could possibly be cooler than that?!

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SOURCES:
https://www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/about-old-faithful
http://geology.com/records/tallest-geyser.shtml
http://geology.com/articles/geyser.shtml
http://valleyofgeysers.com/

Are scientists going extinct?

AI programs are becoming better and better at small tasks. Should scientists worry?

Open Letter to the Universe

My open letter to the universe.

Also, explore a map of the big bang! http://www.bigbangregistry.com

minutephysics is now on Google+ – http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
And facebook – http://facebook.com/minutephysics
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics — all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

Thanks to Nima Doroud and Chantal Hutchison for contributions and to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

Inside The Titanic – 2026 Deep Dive Into The Past

The most terrifying spaces on the ocean floor aren’t out in the open water.
They are hidden behind the pitch-black, collapsing doors of the world’s most famous shipwreck.

Most documentaries focus on the exterior of the 1912 disaster, but the real psychological horror is trapped within its walls. In this forensic investigation, we go Inside The Titanic – Deep Dive Into The Past, charting the highly dangerous expeditions into the vessel’s rotting core. We break down the extreme structural hazards of operating inside a decaying maze where a single wrong move triggers a permanent cave-in. This is a tense look at the absolute darkness and the chilling isolation of the ship’s most hidden sectors that haven’t seen light in over a century.

Capturing clear Titanic interior footage requires navigating a highly unstable environment where deteriorating ceilings threaten every maneuver. Pushing deep inside the Titanic wreckage means operating in tight, suffocating spaces completely cut off from the surface. Every modern deep sea Titanic dive faces the extreme risk of robotic tethers getting snagged on jagged, collapsing staircases. This cutting-edge Titanic wreck exploration exposes exactly how the ocean is actively eating the ship from the inside out. Ultimately, analyzing these hidden rooms shows us exactly what’s left inside the Titanic before the saltwater completely erases the remaining decks.

#TitanicInterior #DeepSeaExploration #BSDarkSecrets
Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Null Island: The Busiest Place That Doesn’t Exist (ft @TomScottGo )

Thanks to @TomScottGo for helping write and narrate this video. Check out his amazing channel:
https://www.youtube.com/TomScottGo

CREDITS
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Script Writer & Narrator: Tom Scott
Script Editor: Henry Reich
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar
Video Director: Emily Elert
With Contributions From: Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

IMAGE CREDITS
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Photo of Null Island Buoy by: Jacques Grelet, IRD.fr

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REFERENCES
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http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/clerks-scrambling-to-get-voters-in-right-districts-3v3ov36-137102098.html

How To Avoid The Next Atlantis

A big thank you to AXA for sponsoring this video. Visit http://www.axa.com/resilience to learn more about their survey on how cities and businesses worldwide are adapting to climate-related challenges.

Thanks also to our Patreon patrons:
– Today I Found Out
– Jeff Straathof
– Mark
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– Alberto Bortoni
– Valentin
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– Antoine Coeur
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) and Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director and Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (@minutephysics) and Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:

Delta Works. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 8, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Works.

Flood control in the Netherlands. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 8, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands.

IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

Koch, E.W., Barbier, E.B., Silliman, B.R., Reed, D.J. et al. (2009). Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(1):29–37. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1056&context=iss_pub

Möller, I.; Kudella, M.; Rupprecht, F.; Spencer, T.; Paul, M.; van Wesenbeeck, B.K (2014). Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience 7: 727–731. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n10/full/ngeo2251.html

Moss, S. (2011, January 19). Weatherwatch: The Grote Mandrenke. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/news/2011/jan/20/weatherwatch-grote-mandrenke

The Nature Conservancy (2015). Urban Coastal Resilience: Valuing Nature’s Role. https://tnc.app.box.com/s/9awez618538tf24rnu5mv73fkfa668mr/1/4092107687/34026668411/1

The World Bank Group (2011). Guide to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdf

Image Credits:

Oahu Hawaii – Cristo Vlahos
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waikiki_view_from_Diamond_Head.JPG

Port of Cape Town – Wikimedia user SkyPixels
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_of_Cape_Town.jpg

Hong Kong – Wikimedia user WiNG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Island_Skyline_2009.jpg

Perth Australia – Public Domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_Skyline.jpg

Maeslantkering closed – World66.com
http://www.world66.com/europe/netherlands/lib/gallery/showimage?pic=europe/netherlands/new_waterway_storm

Hartelkering gesloten – Wikimedia user Quistnix
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spijkenisse_-_Hartelkering_gesloten.jpg

Oosterscheldekering-pohled – Vladimír Šiman
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oosterscheldekering-pohled.jpg

Haringvlietdam 2006 – Wikimedia user Quistnix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haringvlietdam_2006_06_18-2.jpg

Jakarta’s flooded streets – VOA Indonesian Service (Public Domain)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VOA_People_walk_through_Jakarta%27s_flooded_streets.jpg

Hurricane Patricia – NOAA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Patricia_October_23,_2015,_GOES-15_visible_animation.gif

Permeable “Thirsty” concrete – Tarmac Ltd

Floating Utility Unit – DeltaSync/Blue21

B21 – Homepage

Rijnhavenpark – DeltaSync/Blue21

B21 – Homepage

Tracks and Storms – Robert Allison
http://robslink.com/

NYC Hurricane Evacuation Map – City of New York
http://maps.nyc.gov/hurricane/

They Built a Machine That Moves an Entire Ocean of Water

There is a machine in China so enormous that it stretches across the country, moves more water than some of the world’s largest rivers, and has been under construction for more than two decades. Known as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, this colossal network of canals, tunnels, reservoirs, and pumping systems already supplies water to hundreds of millions of people while spanning nearly 900 miles across mountains, deserts, and farmland. With a price tag exceeding $137 billion, it has become one of the most expensive and ambitious engineering projects ever attempted by humanity. But the megaproject comes with a darker side, including the relocation of more than 330,000 people, submerged communities, environmental concerns, and growing questions about long-term ecological impacts. Join us as we explore the world’s largest water transfer system, the staggering engineering behind it, and the controversy surrounding one of the most ambitious megaprojects in history.

Credit:
CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0:
South–North Water Transfer Project Central route starting point taocha: By Nsbdgc, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42831666
Animation is created by Bright Side.

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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

The Difference between Pollen and Sperm

Pollen is often described as ‘plant sperm’, but it has some important differences! Like sperm, pollen contains one DNA set from its parent, but unlike sperm, pollen itself is actually its own separate living plant made of multiple cells that, under the right conditions, can live for months, depending on the species.

They Built a Machine That Moves an Entire Ocean of Water

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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Tornado Alley Is Drifting Across the U.S. and Here’s Why

Scientists have discovered that America’s famous Tornado Alley is no longer staying in the same place. Over the past several decades, the highest concentration of powerful tornadoes has been shifting eastward from the traditional Great Plains toward parts of the Mississippi Valley, Tennessee Valley, and the southeastern United States. Researchers believe changing climate patterns, warmer Gulf of Mexico waters, and shifting atmospheric conditions are creating environments that favor severe storms in regions that historically saw fewer tornado outbreaks. The change is especially concerning because many of these eastern areas are more densely populated, heavily forested, and contain more vulnerable infrastructure, making tornadoes harder to detect and potentially more dangerous. Join us as we explore why Tornado Alley is moving east, what scientists have discovered about this growing trend, and what it could mean for millions of Americans in the years ahead.

Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

A Massive Hidden Structure is Pulling Our Entire Milky Way At A Crazy Speed

Something completely invisible is dragging our galaxy through the dark. The entire Milky Way, along with roughly 100,000 other galaxies, is currently being pulled toward an unseen cosmic anomaly at a terrifying speed of 600 kilometers per second. This colossal gravitational force—often referred to as the Great Attractor—is impossible to observe directly because it is perfectly hidden behind the dense dust and blinding light of our own galaxy’s core, an obscure region astronomers call the Zone of Avoidance. Despite mapping its massive gravitational footprint across a vast region of the universe, researchers still have absolutely no idea what actually lies at the center of this enormous structure. Click the video to explore the mind-bending astrophysics behind this hidden cosmic monster and discover what could possibly possess enough gravity to drag our entire corner of the universe into the unknown.

This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Credit:
Simulated Galaxy Redshift Cubes: By NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio – University of Maryland College Park/Francis Reddy, KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Scott Wiessinger, ADNET Systems, Inc./Ashley Balzer, Caltech/IPAC/Yun Wang – https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14105, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simulated_Galaxy_Redshift_Cubes_(SVS14105_110_RedshiftGalaxyCube_Dissolve_1080).webm
CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0:
MeerKAT Radio Telescope: By Morganoshell, SKA South Africa – https://web.archive.org/web/20150918192911/http://www.ska.ac.za/media/2014_meerkat_antenna.php, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47588577
Animation is created by Bright Side.

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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Scientists Finally Know What Caused the Sonic Booms on the US East Coast

For over 300 years, terrifying, cannon-like booms known as the “Seneca Guns” have violently rattled windows and sparked wild rumors across the US East Coast. Blamed on everything from angry spirits and alien activity to secret government weapons testing, these mysterious sonic explosions have baffled locals from New York to Florida. Now, researchers have finally solved this centuries-old acoustic mystery. While mapping the bottom of New York’s Seneca Lake, scientists uncovered a hidden landscape of 144 massive underwater craters—some plunging 30 feet deep and stretching 400 feet wide. These deep-water trenches act as geological pressure cookers, trapping enormous pockets of methane gas deep under the lakebed for years. When the pressure finally reaches a breaking point, the massive gas bubbles violently erupt to the surface, creating powerful shockwaves that are perfectly amplified by the lake’s extreme 600-foot depth into ear-splitting booms.

This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Why You’re More Likely To Die In Winter

There’s a huge seasonal difference in death rates that is propelled by a variety of factors including pathogen behavior and anatomical response to temperature changes.

LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Crude Death Rate: The number of people in a population of a 1,000 who die every year. The 2020 rate for the entire world is roughly 8.

If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
CGP Grey takes you through the first half of Death’s day: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMNGEY8OZqo

SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
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If you like what we do, you can help us!:
– Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
– Share this video with your friends and family
– Leave us a comment (we read them!)

Feedback on drafts by:
Julián Gustavo Gómez, Alex Reich, Henry Reich, Peter Reich, Ever Salazar and Kate Yoshida

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich
Peter Reich • Ever Salazar • Kate Yoshida

Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176

REFERENCES
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Robbie M Parks, James E Bennett, Kyle J Foreman, Ralf Toumi, Majid Ezzati (2018). National and regional seasonal dynamics of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the USA from 1980 to 2016. eLife 2018;7:e35500. Retrieved from: https://elifesciences.org/articles/35500.

Roland Rau, Christina Bohk-Ewald, Magdalena M. Muszyńska, James W. Vaupel (2017). Seasonality of Causes of Death. Chapter in: Visualizing Mortality Dynamics in the Lexis Diagram. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-64820-0_9.

Dimitrios Seretakis; Pagona Lagiou, MD; Loren Lipworth, DSc; et al (1997). Changing Seasonality of Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease. JAMA, 278(12):1012-1014. Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/418241.

W. R. Keatinge (2002) Winter mortality and its causes, International Journal of
Circumpolar Health, 61:4, 292-299. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/ijch.v61i4.17477

Average Daily Number of Deaths,* by Month — United States, 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6826a5.htm.

Terrifying New Breed of Giant Hail is Getting Ready to Smash Our Cities

Climate scientists are sounding the alarm over a devastating new generation of super-hailstorms fueled by rapid global warming. As rising temperatures inject massive amounts of moisture into the atmosphere, they create terrifyingly powerful updrafts that keep ice trapped high inside storm clouds. This aggressive atmospheric churning allows hailstones to absorb layers of freezing water until they grow into deadly, grapefruit-sized ice bombs. While warmer air melts smaller hail completely, these colossal chunks of ice survive the fall, striking densely populated cities with enough kinetic force to shatter solar panels, destroy infrastructure, and cause billions in damages. Click the video to explore the terrifying meteorology behind these new monster storms and find out exactly why our modern world is completely unprepared for this incoming wave of giant hail.

This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Do other planets also have Earthquakes? Moonquake?

Earth is not the only planet with quakes; the moon’s crust also expands, contracts, and quakes!

Something Weird Is Happening in Antarctica – And Scientists Won’t Talk About It

Antarctica is hiding things that sound impossible. A giant hole in the sea ice that appears and disappears without warning. A mountain range buried beneath miles of ice. Blood-red waterfalls, hidden lakes sealed off for millions of years, transparent fish, and an ice shelf that literally “sings.” Scientists are finally beginning to uncover some of the continent’s strangest secrets but many of them remain unexplained.
Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

The Megaproject That Could Destroy the Great Lakes in the USA

AI is growing faster than ever but could it become a threat to one of the world’s largest freshwater reserves? As billions of dollars are poured into new AI data centers near the Great Lakes, concerns are growing over their massive water consumption. While a single facility won’t drain the lakes, scientists warn that the combined impact of dozens of data centers could put increasing pressure on local ecosystems.
This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Plate Tectonics Explained

How do plate tectonics REALLY work?

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References

Anderson, D. L. (2001). Top-down tectonics?. Science, 293(5537), 2016-2018. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5537/2016.short

Conrad, C. P., & Lithgow-Bertelloni, C. (2002). How mantle slabs drive plate tectonics. Science, 298(5591), 207-209. ftp://128.171.151.230/engels/Stanley/Textbook_update/Science_298/Conrad-02.pdf

Conrad, C.P., 2014. Personal Communication

Dietz, R. S. (1961). Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor. Nature, 190(4779), 854-857. http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c350/lecturestuff/jan28/Dietz_1961.pdf

Forsyth, D., & Uyeda, S. (1975). On the relative importance of the driving forces of plate motion. Geophysical Journal International, 43(1), 163-200. http://gji.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/1/163.short

Hecht, J. 2014, Aug 29. Earth’s tectonic plates have doubled their speed. New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329843.000-earths-tectonic-plates-have-doubled-their-speed.html#.VBDAJ7ywJ_Q

Smil, V. 2007. Energy in Nature and Society: General Energetics of Complex Systems. MIT Press. http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/energy-nature-and-society

Driving forces of plate tectonics (website):
http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/driving_forces_basic.htm

Earth’s Next Mega-Disaster Could Come From This Supervolcano

Geologists have reconstructed the terrifying mechanism behind a massive supervolcano hidden beneath New Zealand that once buried the entire country under nine meters of ash. Around 350,000 years ago, this highly active region, known as the Taupō Volcanic Zone, triggered a catastrophic supereruption when five giant underground magma reservoirs exploded simultaneously. Today, this exact same volcanic system remains one of the most volatile and dangerous on Earth, posing a very real threat of a future global mega-disaster. Researchers have discovered that the incredibly fast buildup of molten rock before these supereruptions is far more frightening and unpredictable than previously expected. Click the video to explore the groundbreaking science behind New Zealand’s ticking geological time bomb and find out if humanity can avoid being caught off guard by the planet’s next massive volcanic blast.

This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

What is a Satellite?

You might not know it, but there are thousands of human-made satellites orbiting the Earth! They help us do everything from study the climate to make phone calls, and there are even some satellites that people can live on!
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SOURCES:
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-satellite-k4.html
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem/moons
https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/
http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/what-are-satellites-used-for#bf-toc-5
https://www.livescience.com/39678-incredible-tech-track-hurricanes.html
https://www.space.com/24839-satellites.html
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-iss-k4.html

Africa and Europe Are Colliding – The Mediterranean Sea Will Disappear

The relentless tectonic collision between the African and Eurasian plates is slowly crushing the Mediterranean Sea out of existence. As Africa pushes northward at a rate of roughly an inch per year, this massive geological shift will eventually form a brand-new supercontinent known as Eurafrica. Geologists predict that within 50 million years, towering mountain ranges taller than the Himalayas will completely replace the current coastlines from Spain to Turkey. This monumental continental drift event will utterly transform global ocean currents, drastically altering Earth’s climate and creating vast, unforgiving deserts where deep blue waters once thrived. Click the video to explore the dramatic geological forces wiping out the Mediterranean Basin and discover exactly what our planet’s map will look like in the distant future.

This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

We’ve Never Seen a Supernova Explode – Until Now

For all of human history, supernovae have appeared in the sky only after the explosion had already begun. But now, for the first time, astronomers may have caught a massive star in the final stages before it detonates. Using powerful telescopes and years of observations, researchers have identified unusual warning signs coming from a distant star that appears to be on the verge of becoming a supernova. The discovery offers a rare opportunity to study the final moments of a star’s life and could allow scientists to witness one of the most powerful explosions in the universe as it unfolds in real time. Join us as we explore the star that may be about to explode, the clues that revealed its fate, and why this could become one of the most important astronomical observations ever made.

Credit:
Supernova Explosion: By NASA Goddard, https://images.nasa.gov/details/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e001060
Ancient Supernova Revealed: By NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA, https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA14884
Supernova with Expanding Shell: By NASA GSFC, Michael McClare, Dana Berry, https://images.nasa.gov/details/GSFC_20100126_Nova_m10547_SuperNova
Wake of a Supernova Explosion: By NASA/JPL-Caltech, https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA10207
Supernova explosion animation: By NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio – NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab – https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20413, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Supernova_explosion_animation,_with_%26_without_pulsar_(SVS20413).webm
Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion: By By NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA) – https://esahubble.org/images/opo0530a, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181209382
Fermi Links Cosmic Neutrino to Monster Black Hole: By NASA Goddard / YouTube, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NASA%27s_Fermi_Links_Cosmic_Neutrino_to_Monster_Black_Hole_vwRSk524dpo.webm
CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0:
oldest stars in the Universe: By The Royal Society / YouTube, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_oldest_stars_in_the_Universe_%E2%80%93_A_to[…]with_info_on_Square_Kilometre_Array_modern_astronomy).webm
CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0:
Binary Stars and SuperMassive Black Hole: By Rogueassasin123, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Binary_Stars_and_SuperMassive_Black_Hole.webm
CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0:
ALMA and VLT views of an explosive event: By ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/J. Bally/H. Drass et al – http://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/videos/eso1711c/, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_the_ALMA_and_VLT_views_of_an_explosive_event_in_Orion.webm
Animation is created by Bright Side.

This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Why the Mississippi River Flowed Backwards

In 1812, something extraordinary happened in North America: parts of the mighty Mississippi River suddenly began flowing backwards. The bizarre event was triggered by a series of massive earthquakes centered near New Madrid, Missouri, among the most powerful ever recorded in the continental United States. The shaking was so intense that it lifted and dropped sections of land, created new lakes, altered the landscape, and temporarily forced the Mississippi to reverse direction in certain areas. Witnesses described violent ground movement, collapsing riverbanks, and enormous waves racing upstream as the river reacted to the sudden geological upheaval. Join us as we explore the incredible disaster that made the Mississippi flow backwards, how the New Madrid earthquakes reshaped the heart of America, and why scientists still monitor the region today.

This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Credit:
Hurricane Isaac by Night: By NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA/NOAA, Earth Observatory – http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=79018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21073933
FireStation21MemphisTN: By Jonathunder, GFDL 1.2 – http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15002297
CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0:
Reelfoot Lake Tennessee: By Charles Skip Martin – https://500px.com/photo/30212123/reelfoot-lake-tennessee-by-charles-skip-martin, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71314732
Fire Station No 1 Memphis TN: By Thomas R Machnitzki, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26206962
CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0:
2350791131 ScollaySq: By BPL – https://flic.kr/p/4zJqiz, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7703172
CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/:
New Madrid Seismic Zone activity 1974-2011: By Kbh3rd, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17858804
StLouis1846 SLAM 4059: By Henry Lewis, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15393386
CC BY-SA 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5:
Reelfoot Lake: By JeremyA, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=644906
Animation is created by Bright Side.

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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

Can Dogs Affect Our Health? 🐶

Dogs are great companions, AND having them around reduces the chance of developing allergies ❤️

Why No One Talks About the Submerged City Found in Japan

Off the coast of Japan lies a massive underwater structure that many people call Japan’s lost “Atlantis.” Known as the Yonaguni Monument, the formation features enormous terraces, sharp angles, and stair-like shapes that seem almost impossible to create naturally. For years, some researchers believed it could be the remains of an ancient civilization swallowed by the sea. But many geologists now argue the mysterious structure was shaped entirely by powerful natural forces, including earthquakes, fractures, and ocean erosion over thousands of years. Even today, the debate surrounding the monument remains one of the ocean’s greatest mysteries. Watch now to uncover the truth behind Japan’s underwater “Atlantis.”
This is the AI tool behind it → https://higgsfield.ai/s/general-brightsideofficial-kDdKTb

Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/

How to Count Infinity

“Some infinities are bigger than other infinities” – Hazel Grace Lancaster, in “The Fault in Our Stars,” by John Green

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Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

Thanks to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

Which is Worse?

A broken bone might seem worse than a sprain, but you’ll get over it much more quickly.

LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Aqueous humour: The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.
Bone remodeling: The continuous process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body.
Ligament: A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
Sprain: A stretching or tearing of ligaments.

CREDITS
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Cameron Duke (@dukeofcam) | Script Writer
Kate Yoshida | Script Editor, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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OUR STAFF
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Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida

Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176

REFERENCES
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Landzhov, B. (2015). The Epiligament-The Main Donor of Cells and Vessels during Healing Of the Collateral Ligaments of the Knee. Anatomy & Physiology, s4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.s4-006

Leong, N. L., Kator, J. L., Clemens, T. L., James, A., Enamoto‐Iwamoto, M., & Jiang, J. (2019). Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 38(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24475

Marsell, R., & Einhorn, T. A. (2011). The biology of fracture healing. Injury, 42(6), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031

Martini, F., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2018). Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology (11th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.

Smith, P., & Bollier, M. (2014). Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries. Journal of Knee Surgery, 27(05), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1381961

How Recycling Works! | How to Help Our Earth | SciShow Kids

Humans make a lot of garbage every day, and a lot of it ends up in big, smelly dumps. Luckily, there are things we can do to reuse a lot of our garbage and keep the Earth healthy and clean! Join Jessi and find out how!

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How to Escape a Rip Current

There are two recommended ways to escape a rip current:
1: try to swim to the side
2: stay calm while the current takes you towards the ocean and swim towards the side, then the beach when the current is calmer.